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testing capabilities Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect internal and surface-connected flaws in solid materials. By sending sound waves through a component and analyzing the reflected signals, UT can identify cracks, voids, inclusions, and other discontinuities that are invisible to the eye. This makes it one of the most reliable techniques for ensuring the structural integrity of critical components. How the Test is Performed Preparation – The surface of the fastener or component is cleaned to ensure proper sound transmission. Couplant Application – A gel or liquid couplant is applied to facilitate the transmission of ultrasonic waves from the probe into the part. Sound Wave Transmission – An ultrasonic transducer emits high-frequency sound waves into the material. Signal Reflection – If the waves encounter a defect or boundary within the material, they reflect back to the probe. Data Analysis – The signals are displayed on a screen, allowing inspectors to measure the location, size, and type of any discontinuities. Documentation – Results are recorded to ensure traceability and compliance with quality standards. Why It is Performed Ultrasonic Testing is performed to safeguard the reliability of engineered fasteners and machined components where internal integrity is just as important as external quality. Unlike surface-only tests, UT provides insight into the entire volume of the material , making it highly effective for detecting hidden flaws that could compromise performance in service. Detects internal cracks, voids, and inclusions before they become failure points Ensures product integrity under extreme stresses and operating conditions Prevents costly downtime and safety risks by verifying quality before use Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners are often used in safety-critical and high-stress environments — from aerospace engines to offshore oil & gas equipment. A flaw inside the material, even if invisible from the outside, can grow under load and lead to catastrophic failure. By using Ultrasonic Testing, TSP Manufacturing ensures that: Fasteners are free of hidden defects that compromise strength and durability Components meet the strict requirements of industries where failure is not an option Customers have complete confidence in the integrity and reliability of every part we produce Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing conducts Ultrasonic Testing in accordance with established industry standards, including ASTM, ASME, and AWS specifications , as well as customer-specific requirements. Our inspectors are trained and qualified under recognized NDT certification programs, ensuring every test is accurate and consistent. This strict adherence to standards not only builds credibility but also guarantees that our fasteners and components are compliant with the stringent quality expectations of industries such as aerospace, defense, nuclear, and oil & gas. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Drilling Drilling is a fundamental machining process used in manufacturing engineered fasteners and components. It involves creating cylindrical holes in a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool called a drill bit. The Drilling Process: 1. Workpiece Preparation: The workpiece (made from materials like stainless steel, titanium, or nickel alloys) is securely clamped on a drilling machine or CNC machining center. The material’s properties dictate the type of drill bit and cutting parameters used. 2. Drill Bit Selection: The choice of drill bit depends on the required hole diameter, depth, and material. Common drill bits include twist drills, carbide drills, and coated drills for high-performance materials. 3. Rotating Tool Engagement: The drill bit rotates at high speeds while being fed into the workpiece, removing material to form a hole. Coolants or lubricants are often applied to reduce heat and improve tool life. 4. Hole Formation: The drilled hole can be further refined through secondary processes like reaming, boring, or tapping to achieve the desired finish and dimensions. 5. Precision Enhancement: CNC drilling machines ensure high accuracy and repeatability for complex hole patterns or tolerances. Enhancements with Drilling: Combination with Other Processes: Drilled holes can be threaded, counterbored, or countersunk in the same setup. Automation: CNC drilling increases speed and accuracy for high-volume runs. Tool Coatings: Advanced coatings like TiAlN or diamond reduce wear when drilling tough materials. Advantages of Drilling: Precision: CNC drilling ensures tight tolerances and high repeatability. Versatility: Can produce holes of various sizes and depths in a wide range of materials. Adaptability: Additional operations like tapping or boring can be integrated seamlessly. Cost-Effective: Drilling is efficient for high-volume production of standard and custom fasteners. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Drilling is an essential step in producing fasteners and related components. Common applications include: Fastener Holes: Pilot Holes: Drilled to guide thread-cutting processes for screws and bolts. Clearance Holes: Allow screws or bolts to pass through without threading. Threaded Holes: Drilled holes that are later tapped to create internal threads. Complex Components: Drilled holes in flanges, bushings, and sleeves for mounting or alignment purposes. Countersinks and Counterbores: Used to create features that accommodate screw heads or washers. Custom Fasteners: Specialized holes for locking mechanisms, venting, or unique applications. Limitations Material Stress: Heat and force during drilling may affect material properties if not properly managed. Depth Restrictions: Very deep holes may require specialized equipment or techniques. Tool Wear: Drill bits can wear out quickly when working with hard materials like titanium or nickel alloys. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

SERVICING THE CUSTOMER Marine and Offshore Home / Industries / Marine and Offshore / Industry Overview Engineered fasteners and components play a vital role in the marine and offshore industry, where durability, reliability, and resistance to harsh environmental conditions are paramount. These components are critical in ensuring the structural integrity and operational efficiency of vessels, offshore platforms, and related infrastructure. KEY FEATURES Corrosion Resistance: Fasteners are designed to withstand saltwater, humidity, and other corrosive elements that are prevalent in marine environments. High Strength: Structural integrity is crucial in applications exposed to dynamic loads, waves, and wind forces. Fatigue Resistance: Components endure constant vibration and stress, especially in moving structures like ships and oil rigs. Longevity: Fasteners are engineered to offer long service life, reducing the need for frequent replacements in hard-to-access locations. WHEN ONLY THE BEST WILL DO Common Applications: Shipbuilding: Fasteners are used in hull construction, engine mounts, propellers, and other critical ship components. Offshore Platforms: Includes components for rigs, subsea structures, and topside modules. Wind Farms: Specialized fasteners for offshore wind turbines, designed to handle high torque and corrosive environments. Mooring Systems: High-strength bolts and connectors for anchors and buoy systems. Piping and Valves: Secure connections in fluid transport systems for oil, gas, and water. Materials: Fasteners for marine and offshore applications are selected for their resistance to harsh conditions, including: Stainless Steels (Austenitic & Duplex): Offer excellent corrosion resistance and strength in saline environments. Nickel Alloys: Withstand extreme temperatures and corrosion from seawater. Titanium: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, ideal for specialized applications. Bronze and Brass: Common in non-structural applications for their corrosion resistance and aesthetic qualities. Industry Standards: Marine and offshore fasteners must comply with strict industry standards to ensure safety and reliability, including: DNV (Det Norske Veritas) certification for offshore structures. ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) standards for marine applications. ISO Standards for quality, performance, and material specifications. The TSP Manufacturing Advantage TSP Manufacturing specializes in providing custom-engineered fasteners designed to meet the rigorous demands of the marine and offshore industry. Our fasteners are built to deliver unmatched corrosion resistance, enabling them to thrive in challenging marine environments, while offering superior mechanical performance to handle both dynamic and static loads. Additionally, they comply with industry certifications and standards, ensuring reliability and safety in every application. OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. Valve Stems Learn more about our Engineered Valve Stems, designed for demanding applications requiring exceptional strength, durability, and precision. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT Get a quote for your upcoming project CONTACT

testing capabilities Macrostructure Examination Macrostructure Examination is a metallurgical test that evaluates the large-scale structure of a material , typically visible to the naked eye or under low magnification (up to ~10x). It reveals important characteristics such as grain flow, segregation, inclusions, laps, seams, or weld quality. For engineered fasteners and machined components, this test confirms that the underlying material integrity is suitable for demanding applications where strength and reliability are critical. How the Test is Performed Sample Preparation – A cross-section of the fastener or material is cut, polished, and sometimes etched with a chemical reagent to highlight structural features. Visual or Low-Magnification Examination – The prepared surface is examined under adequate lighting or a low-power microscope. Structural Assessment – Inspectors look for discontinuities such as cracks, porosity, segregation, or flow lines. Comparison to Standards – Findings are compared against established metallurgical standards or customer specifications. Documentation – Results are recorded and archived for traceability and quality assurance. Why It is Performed Macrostructure Examination is performed to ensure that the base material or final component does not contain large-scale flaws that could affect safety, performance, or durability. Detects inclusions, laps, seams, and cracks not visible externally Evaluates grain flow and structural soundness Confirms forging, heat treatment, and welding quality Prevents failures in service by identifying material defects early Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners require uniform structural integrity to perform in high-stress and safety-critical environments. Macrostructure Examination ensures that: Grain flow is optimized to support strength and fatigue resistance in forged fasteners Material discontinuities are identified before components enter service Heat treatment and manufacturing processes have achieved the desired structural results Customer and industry requirements for metallurgical quality are met for applications in aerospace, nuclear, oil & gas, and defense Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing performs Macrostructure Examinations in accordance with ASTM E381, ASTM E340, ISO standards, and customer-specific requirements . All testing is carried out by trained personnel using calibrated equipment, ensuring consistent, accurate, and traceable results. This adherence to rigorous standards underscores TSP’s commitment to delivering engineered fasteners and machined components with verified material integrity and the highest level of quality assurance. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Cold Heading Cold heading is a manufacturing process used to create engineered fasteners and components by forming metal without the application of heat. The Process of Cold Heading: 1. Material Selection: Typically, ductile metals like alloy steels, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, and nickel alloys are chosen for cold heading due to their malleability. 2. Wire Preparation: A metal wire, which serves as the raw material, is cut to the desired length, often referred to as a “slug.” 3. Cold Forming: The wire or slug is inserted into a die and subjected to high-pressure force using a punch. The metal deforms plastically to take the shape of the die and punch, without requiring heating beyond room temperature. 4. Multiple Stages (Optional): Complex fasteners or components may require several stages of heading, where the part is progressively shaped into the desired geometry. 5. Trimming and Threading: Excess material is trimmed, and threads or other detailed features are added if needed. 6. Heat Treatment and Coating (Post-Process): While cold heading itself avoids heating, parts may undergo heat treatment after forming to enhance strength or other properties. Surface coatings can be applied for added corrosion resistance. Advantages of Cold Heading: Strength: The process aligns the grain structure of the material, enhancing the mechanical properties of the fasteners. Precision: It allows for tight tolerances, critical for engineered components used in demanding applications. Cost-Effectiveness: Material wastage is minimized compared to machining, and the process is highly efficient for mass production. Surface Finish: Produces a smooth surface, reducing the need for additional finishing operations. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Cold heading is particularly suited for producing high-performance fasteners used in industries like: Aerospace and Defense: For lightweight, high-strength components. Oil & Gas and Marine: For corrosion-resistant fasteners exposed to harsh environments. Automotive and Robotics: For precision-engineered fasteners that require tight tolerances. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

Alex Dundas Operational Research Engineer BIO Alex joined WN Global sister company U.S. Bolt Manufacturing in 2014 as a Manufacturing Engineer. After earning a master’s degree in Operational Research, Alex joined TSP Manufacturing in 2023. As an Operational Research Engineer at TSP Manufacturing, Alex combines analytical expertise with a deep understanding of manufacturing systems to drive efficiency and innovation. With a passion for problem-solving, Alex specializes in optimizing production workflows, enhancing quality control processes, and leveraging data to inform strategic decisions. BACK

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Roll Threading Roll threading is a highly efficient and widely used method for producing threads on engineered fasteners and components. Unlike cut threading, roll threading forms threads by displacing material rather than removing it, which results in stronger threads with superior surface finish and fatigue resistance. The Roll Threading Process: 1. Preparation: A cylindrical blank (typically slightly smaller than the finished diameter of the thread) is prepared. The material must be ductile enough to deform without cracking, such as alloy steels, stainless steels, or titanium. 2. Thread Rolling Dies: Specialized thread rolling dies are used to create the thread profile. These dies can be: Flat Dies: Two flat, hardened dies squeeze the blank as it passes between them, forming the thread. Cylindrical Dies: Two or three cylindrical dies rotate around the blank to form threads. Planetary Dies: Multiple smaller dies rotate around the blank for high-speed production. 3. Thread Forming: The blank is fed into the dies, and high pressure is applied to displace the material into the thread shape. The process is typically performed at room temperature (cold forming), although warm or hot threading may be used for particularly hard materials. 4. Finishing: Threads are inspected for dimensional accuracy, pitch, and surface quality. Secondary processes, such as coating or heat treatment, may follow. Why Use Roll Threading for Fasteners? High Strength and Durability: Threads created by rolling are more resistant to fatigue and wear, making them ideal for critical applications. Efficiency for Mass Production: Roll threading can produce thousands of fasteners quickly with consistent quality. Cost Savings: Despite higher initial tooling costs, the reduced material waste and longer tool life make roll threading cost-effective in the long run. Advantages of Roll Threading: Stronger Threads: The material’s grain structure is compressed and aligned along the thread, improving strength and fatigue resistance. Improved Surface Finish: The forming process creates smooth, burr-free threads, reducing stress concentrations. Efficiency: Roll threading is faster and produces less waste compared to cut threading. Material Savings: No material is removed, resulting in near-net-shape threads. Longer Tool Life: Dies used in roll threading typically last longer than cutting tools. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Roll threading is commonly used for fasteners that require strength, durability, and precision. Applications include: Bolts and Screws: High-strength threaded fasteners for aerospace, automotive, and industrial uses. Studs and Rods: Threaded rods used in construction, oil & gas, and machinery. Custom Fasteners: Non-standard or specialty threads for critical applications. Medical Components: Precision threads for implants or surgical instruments. Limitations Material Restrictions: Requires ductile materials that can deform under high pressure. High Initial Cost: Custom thread rolling dies can be expensive to manufacture. Limited Thread Profiles: Not all thread geometries can be rolled (e.g., very coarse threads or custom profiles). Preform Requirements: The blank must be pre-machined to specific dimensions before threading. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Broaching Broaching is a machining process used in the production of engineered fasteners and components to create precise internal or external features, such as keyways, splines, slots, or specific profiles. It involves a toothed cutting tool, called a broach, which removes material in a single pass, creating highly accurate shapes with excellent surface finishes. The Broaching Process: 1. Setup: The workpiece (e.g., a fastener or component) is securely clamped or held in a fixture to ensure stability during the broaching process. 2. Tool Design: The broach is a multi-tooth cutting tool with a progressively larger cutting profile. Each tooth removes a small amount of material, gradually shaping the workpiece. 3. Cutting Motion: The broach is either pushed or pulled through or across the workpiece. The motion can be linear (common in most broaching) or rotary, depending on the feature being produced. 4. Material Removal: Each tooth of the broach removes a layer of material, with the last tooth producing the final dimension and surface finish. 5. Completion: The polished component is cleaned again to remove any residue from the polishing compounds. Types of Broaching: 1. Internal Broaching: Used to machine internal features, such as keyways, splines, or hexagonal holes. Common in fasteners like socket-head screws, where precision internal profiles are critical. 2. External Broaching: Used to shape external surfaces, such as flat edges, splines, or gear teeth. Suitable for components like drive shafts or splined bolts. 3. Rotary Broaching: Produces internal or external features with rotational symmetry, such as hexagonal or square recesses. Frequently used for hex socket bolts and other specialty fasteners. 4. Surface Broaching: Removes material from a flat or contoured surface. Can be used to create complex geometries or profiles on fastener heads. Example of Broaching in Practice: Material: Stainless steel fastener. Pre-Polishing Steps: Hexagonal socket for an Allen wrench. Process: The fastener blank is positioned on the broaching machine. A hexagonal broach is pushed through the pre-drilled hole in a single pass. The finished socket has precise dimensions and a smooth finish. Outcome: The fastener is ready for use in applications requiring precision assembly and reliable torque transmission. Advantages of Broaching for Fasteners: High Precision: Achieves tight tolerances and accurate dimensions, critical for fastener performance. Excellent Surface Finish: Provides smooth finishes, often eliminating the need for secondary finishing. Efficiency: Produces complex shapes in a single pass, reducing cycle times. Versatility: Capable of creating a wide variety of internal and external profiles. Consistency: Ideal for high-volume production, ensuring uniformity across multiple components. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Socket-Head Cap Screws: Internal broaching is used to form the hexagonal socket for Allen keys. Spline Bolts: External broaching creates the spline profiles required for high-torque applications. Custom Profiles: Produces unique head shapes or recesses for tamper-resistant fasteners. Precision Keyways: Internal broaching machines keyways in fasteners or components used in assembly with shafts or couplings. Challenges in Broaching: Tool Wear: Broaches are subject to wear and require periodic sharpening or replacement. Initial Cost: Custom broaches can be expensive to design and manufacture. Material Limitations: Hard or tough materials may require specialized broaches and equipment, increasing complexity. Setup Time: Preparing the machine and aligning the workpiece can be time-intensive for small production runs. Why Broaching is Essential: Broaching is indispensable in manufacturing engineered fasteners and components that demand high precision, repeatability, and complex profiles. Its ability to produce intricate shapes efficiently makes it a vital process for industries requiring advanced fasteners, from aerospace to medical and beyond. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

testing capabilities Cleanliness Test A Cleanliness Test is a quality inspection method used to determine the level of contaminants—such as oils, grease, machining residues, metal shavings, or foreign particles—present on a manufactured component. For engineered fasteners and precision-machined parts, even trace contamination can affect performance, assembly, or long-term reliability, making cleanliness verification a critical part of the quality process. How the Test is Performed Sample Preparation – The fastener or machined component is handled under controlled conditions to prevent outside contamination. Extraction of Contaminants – Solvents, ultrasonic agitation, or pressurized fluids are used to dislodge surface and embedded particles from the part. Collection & Filtration – Dislodged contaminants are collected and passed through a fine filter. Analysis – The particles and residues are measured by weight, size, or count using gravimetric, microscopic, or spectrographic methods. Evaluation Against Standards – Results are compared to customer or industry-defined cleanliness requirements. Why It is Performed Cleanliness Testing is performed to ensure that fasteners and machined components meet strict contamination-free requirements that protect assembly quality, performance, and durability. Prevents assembly issues such as galling, seizing, or torque misapplication Reduces risk of corrosion or premature wear caused by foreign particles Ensures compatibility with lubricants, coatings, and protective finishes Meets customer requirements for industries where contamination can cause system failure, such as aerospace, oil & gas, and defense Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners often operate in demanding environments where any contamination can compromise safety and performance. Cleanliness Testing ensures that: Threads are free of foreign matter , ensuring accurate torque and preload during installation Critical surfaces are contaminant-free to support coatings, platings, and corrosion protection systems Fasteners meet customer cleanliness specifications , which are especially stringent in aerospace, nuclear, and defense applications Product integrity and reliability are maintained from manufacturing through installation Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing performs Cleanliness Testing in accordance with industry standards such as ISO 16232, VDA 19, and customer-specific cleanliness requirements . Testing equipment is maintained and calibrated, and results are fully documented for traceability. This adherence to recognized cleanliness standards reinforces TSP’s commitment to delivering engineered fasteners and machined components that meet the highest levels of quality, safety, and reliability. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

testing capabilities Charpy Impact Testing The Charpy Impact Test is a standardized method used to measure a material’s toughness , or its ability to absorb energy and resist fracture under sudden impact. The test evaluates how a material behaves when subjected to a high-strain-rate load, which is critical for engineered fasteners that may experience shock, vibration, or rapid loading during service. How the Test is Performed Specimen Preparation – A notched sample of the material or component is cut to standard dimensions and carefully prepared. Mounting – The specimen is positioned horizontally in a Charpy testing machine on two supports. Impact Loading – A pendulum hammer is released to strike the specimen at the notch, causing it to fracture. Energy Measurement – The machine measures the energy absorbed by the material during fracture, which reflects its impact toughness. Result Recording – The energy absorbed and fracture characteristics are documented for analysis. Why It is Performed Charpy Impact Testing is performed to ensure that materials and fasteners can withstand dynamic and sudden loads without brittle failure. It is especially important for components used in low-temperature, high-vibration, or shock-prone environments. Evaluates material toughness and fracture resistance Detects brittleness that could lead to sudden failure Confirms suitability for high-impact or dynamic applications Ensures safety and reliability in critical assemblies Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners are often subjected to sudden loads, vibration, or shock in industries such as aerospace, defense, oil & gas, and energy . Charpy Impact Testing ensures that: Fasteners resist brittle fracture under impact conditions Material selection and heat treatment achieve required toughness Performance and reliability are maintained in demanding applications Critical joints remain safe even under dynamic or emergency loading conditions Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing performs Charpy Impact Testing in accordance with ASTM, ISO, and customer-specific standards . All equipment is calibrated and operated by trained professionals to ensure accuracy, repeatability, and traceability. Compliance with these recognized standards provides confidence that our engineered fasteners and machined components meet the highest levels of quality, toughness, and reliability. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a highly precise manufacturing process used to create complex shapes and fine details in engineered fasteners and components. The EDM Process: 1. Setup: A workpiece (conductive material) is submerged in a dielectric fluid (e.g., deionized water or oil). A tool electrode (usually made of graphite, copper, or brass) is positioned close to the workpiece without touching it. 2. Electric Discharge: A controlled electrical current is applied between the electrode and the workpiece. This creates a spark that erodes a tiny portion of the workpiece material. 3. Material Removal: Thousands of sparks occur per second, removing material layer by layer. The dielectric fluid flushes away debris and cools the work area. 4. Precision Control: CNC (Computer Numerical Control) systems are often used to guide the electrode, enabling precise and repeatable machining. Types of EDM: Sinker EDM: Uses a shaped electrode to “sink” into the material, ideal for creating cavities and complex 3D shapes. Wire EDM: Uses a thin wire as the electrode to cut intricate profiles, commonly used for parts requiring fine tolerances and sharp corners. Limitations Slow Material Removal Rate: Not ideal for high-volume production. Cost: More expensive compared to traditional machining for large, simple parts. Conductive Materials Only: Limited to materials that conduct electricity. Advantages of EDM: Complex Geometries: Can create intricate shapes, fine features, and internal cavities that are difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional machining. High Precision: Allows for extremely tight tolerances, often down to microns. Material Versatility: Can work with hard-to-machine materials like titanium, Inconel, and hardened steels. No Mechanical Stress: Since it’s a non-contact process, there’s no physical force exerted on the workpiece. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: EDM is especially useful for fasteners and components that require: Intricate Details: Ideal for manufacturing custom, non-standard fasteners with unique shapes. Tight Tolerances: Critical in aerospace, robotics, and defense industries where precision is paramount. Hard Materials: Suitable for fasteners made from high-strength alloys that are challenging to machine conventionally. Prototyping: Useful for creating prototypes and low-volume production runs of specialty fasteners. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Heat Treatment: Normalizing Normalizing is a heat treatment process that enhances the uniformity of microstructure and mechanical properties in engineered fasteners and components. It is primarily used to refine grain size, improve machinability, and prepare the material for subsequent processing steps. This process involves heating the material to a temperature above its critical range, followed by air cooling, resulting in a more consistent and desirable microstructure. The Normalizing Process: 1. Heating: The fastener or component is heated to a temperature above the upper critical point (typically between 830°C and 950°C or 1526°F to 1742°F for steels, depending on the alloy). At this temperature, the microstructure transforms to austenite. 2. Soaking: The component is held at the normalizing temperature for a sufficient time to allow for complete transformation and homogenization of the austenite structure. The duration depends on the material thickness and composition. 3. Cooling: The component is removed from the furnace and allowed to cool in still air at room temperature. The cooling rate is slower than quenching but faster than annealing, producing a refined and uniform microstructure, typically a mixture of ferrite and pearlite in steels. Effects of Normalizing: Grain Refinement: The process refines the grain size, enhancing the toughness and strength of the material. Stress Relief: Internal stresses caused by previous manufacturing processes (such as forging or rolling) are relieved, reducing the risk of distortion during machining. Uniform Microstructure: Normalizing produces a uniform and predictable microstructure, improving the material’s overall properties. Improved Machinability: The resulting microstructure makes the material easier to machine and work with. Example of Normalizing in Fastener Manufacturing: 1. Material: Low-carbon steel (e.g., 1020 steel). 2. Heating: The steel bolt is heated to 900°C (1652°F). 3. Tempering: The bolt is held at this temperature for 30 minutes to ensure complete transformation. 4. Cooling: The bolt is air-cooled, resulting in a fine-grained ferrite and pearlite structure. 5. Outcome: The bolt has improved toughness and machinability, making it suitable for further shaping or heat treatment. Advantages of Normalizing for Fasteners: Enhanced Toughness: The refined grain structure improves toughness, making the fasteners less prone to brittle failure. Dimensional Stability: Components experience reduced warping or distortion during machining or further processing. Consistent Mechanical Properties: Normalizing ensures a uniform distribution of mechanical properties throughout the fastener. Reduced Cost: As air cooling is used, normalizing is more cost-effective than quenching processes that require special cooling media. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Pre-Processing Step: Normalizing is often performed before further heat treatments, such as quenching and tempering, to ensure uniform properties. Fasteners with Complex Shapes: Bolts, screws, and studs with intricate designs benefit from reduced residual stresses and enhanced dimensional stability. Critical Components: Fasteners for high-stress applications, such as in aerospace, nuclear, and turbomachinery, rely on normalizing for consistent mechanical properties. Challenges in Normalizing: Oxidation and Scaling: Surface oxidation can occur during heating unless the process is performed in a controlled atmosphere. Limited Hardening: Normalizing does not produce the same level of hardness as quenching. Material-Specific Parameters: The process must be tailored to the specific material and component requirements for optimal results. Why Normalizing is Essential: Normalizing is a foundational heat treatment process that enhances the reliability and performance of engineered fasteners. By producing a refined and uniform microstructure, it prepares the fasteners for subsequent machining and heat treatment processes, ensuring they meet the demanding requirements of industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT