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testing capabilities Grain Size Examination Grain Size Examination is a metallurgical test used to measure the average size of crystalline grains in a metal or alloy . Grain size plays a key role in determining mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, fatigue resistance, and corrosion performance. For engineered fasteners, controlling grain size is essential to ensuring they perform reliably under demanding conditions. How the Test is Performed Sample Preparation – A cross-section of the fastener or material is cut, mounted, and polished to a mirror finish. Etching – A chemical etchant is applied to reveal grain boundaries in the material. Microscopic Examination – The prepared sample is examined under an optical microscope. Measurement – Grain size is determined using comparison charts, line intercept methods, or digital image analysis in accordance with industry standards. Documentation – Results are recorded and compared against specification requirements. Why It is Performed Grain Size Examination is performed to confirm that the material’s microstructure supports the required mechanical properties . Finer grains generally increase strength and toughness (Hall-Petch relationship) Coarser grains may improve high-temperature performance in certain alloys Verifies that heat treatment and forging processes were properly executed Ensures consistency and reliability across production batches Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners are used in critical applications where mechanical performance and reliability are non-negotiable . Grain size testing ensures that: Heat-treated fasteners achieve the desired strength and fatigue resistance Forged components exhibit proper grain flow and uniformity Material properties remain consistent across production lots Industry-specific performance requirements are met for sectors such as aerospace, nuclear, oil & gas, and defense Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing performs Grain Size Examinations in accordance with ASTM E112, ISO 643, and customer-specific requirements . Our trained metallurgical team uses calibrated equipment and standardized methods to deliver accurate, repeatable, and traceable results. By adhering to these rigorous standards, TSP demonstrates its commitment to producing engineered fasteners and machined components with verified structural integrity and long-term reliability. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

testing capabilities Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials, such as steel and iron alloys. The process relies on magnetizing a component and then applying fine magnetic particles. These particles gather at areas of flux leakage caused by defects, making cracks, seams, laps, or inclusions visible to inspectors. How the Test is Performed Preparation – The fastener or machined component is cleaned to remove oil, grease, and debris. Magnetization – A magnetic field is applied to the part, either directly (passing current through the component) or indirectly (using a magnetic yoke or coil). Application of Magnetic Particles – Fine iron particles, either dry or suspended in liquid, are applied to the surface. Indication of Defects – If a discontinuity is present, it distorts the magnetic field, causing particles to cluster at the flaw. Inspection – Inspectors examine the part under visible light or ultraviolet light (if fluorescent particles are used) to identify and interpret defect indications. Post-Test Cleaning – The component is demagnetized and cleaned after inspection. Why It is Performed Magnetic Particle Testing is performed to ensure that fasteners and machined components are free from cracks or other surface-connected flaws that could compromise performance. Because many engineered fasteners are used in high-stress, safety-critical environments, even a small crack can propagate and lead to premature failure. MT is a fast, cost-effective, and highly sensitive method for detecting these flaws before components enter service. Detects surface and slightly subsurface cracks, seams, and laps Ensures quality and safety of ferromagnetic components Provides quick, reliable results to support efficient production and inspection cycles Application to Engineered Fasteners For engineered fasteners, surface and near-surface integrity is critical. Fasteners experience extreme loads, cyclic stresses, and environmental exposure in industries such as aerospace, oil & gas, and nuclear power. A small crack or seam undetected at the surface can become the origin of a failure under load. By applying Magnetic Particle Testing, TSP Manufacturing ensures: Fasteners are free of surface defects that threaten strength and reliability High-performance components meet industry and customer requirements Confidence in the long-term durability of fasteners used in safety-critical applications Standards & Compliance At TSP Manufacturing, Magnetic Particle Testing is carried out in strict accordance with ASTM, ASME, and customer-specific standards . Our inspectors are qualified to recognized NDT certification programs, ensuring consistency and accuracy in every inspection. Adhering to these rigorous standards demonstrates our commitment to quality, builds customer confidence, and ensures that our engineered fasteners and machined components perform reliably in the world’s most demanding industries. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

testing capabilities Positive Material Identification (PMI) Positive Material Identification (PMI) is a non-destructive testing method used to verify the chemical composition of metals and alloys . PMI ensures that the material matches the specified grade or specification, preventing the use of incorrect or substandard materials in critical applications. This verification is essential for engineered fasteners, where material properties directly affect strength, corrosion resistance, and performance. How the Test is Performed Sample Preparation – The surface of the fastener or component is cleaned to remove coatings, oils, or debris. Analysis – A handheld or stationary X-ray fluorescence (XRF) or optical emission spectrometer (OES) device is used to analyze the elemental composition of the metal. Comparison to Specifications – The measured chemical composition is compared to the required material standard or grade. Documentation – Results are recorded, providing traceable verification of material compliance. Why It is Performed PMI is performed to prevent material mix-ups, ensure compliance with specifications, and guarantee performance and safety . Using the wrong material in a fastener could lead to reduced strength, corrosion failure, or catastrophic component failure in service. Confirms alloy and material grade accuracy Prevents use of incorrect or counterfeit materials Supports regulatory and customer requirements Ensures reliability and safety in critical applications Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners must often meet strict material requirements to perform in high-stress, high-temperature, or corrosive environments. PMI ensures that: Fasteners are made from the correct alloys to meet mechanical and corrosion resistance requirements Material traceability is documented for quality assurance and regulatory compliance Performance is reliable in aerospace, oil & gas, nuclear, defense, and other critical industries Customer specifications are verified prior to assembly or delivery Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing performs PMI in accordance with ASTM, ASME, ISO, and customer-specific standards . All equipment is calibrated regularly, and testing is conducted by trained professionals to ensure accurate, repeatable, and traceable results. This adherence to recognized standards demonstrates TSP’s commitment to quality, safety, and delivering engineered fasteners and machined components that meet exacting specifications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Heat Treatment: Normalizing Normalizing is a heat treatment process that enhances the uniformity of microstructure and mechanical properties in engineered fasteners and components. It is primarily used to refine grain size, improve machinability, and prepare the material for subsequent processing steps. This process involves heating the material to a temperature above its critical range, followed by air cooling, resulting in a more consistent and desirable microstructure. The Normalizing Process: 1. Heating: The fastener or component is heated to a temperature above the upper critical point (typically between 830°C and 950°C or 1526°F to 1742°F for steels, depending on the alloy). At this temperature, the microstructure transforms to austenite. 2. Soaking: The component is held at the normalizing temperature for a sufficient time to allow for complete transformation and homogenization of the austenite structure. The duration depends on the material thickness and composition. 3. Cooling: The component is removed from the furnace and allowed to cool in still air at room temperature. The cooling rate is slower than quenching but faster than annealing, producing a refined and uniform microstructure, typically a mixture of ferrite and pearlite in steels. Effects of Normalizing: Grain Refinement: The process refines the grain size, enhancing the toughness and strength of the material. Stress Relief: Internal stresses caused by previous manufacturing processes (such as forging or rolling) are relieved, reducing the risk of distortion during machining. Uniform Microstructure: Normalizing produces a uniform and predictable microstructure, improving the material’s overall properties. Improved Machinability: The resulting microstructure makes the material easier to machine and work with. Example of Normalizing in Fastener Manufacturing: 1. Material: Low-carbon steel (e.g., 1020 steel). 2. Heating: The steel bolt is heated to 900°C (1652°F). 3. Tempering: The bolt is held at this temperature for 30 minutes to ensure complete transformation. 4. Cooling: The bolt is air-cooled, resulting in a fine-grained ferrite and pearlite structure. 5. Outcome: The bolt has improved toughness and machinability, making it suitable for further shaping or heat treatment. Advantages of Normalizing for Fasteners: Enhanced Toughness: The refined grain structure improves toughness, making the fasteners less prone to brittle failure. Dimensional Stability: Components experience reduced warping or distortion during machining or further processing. Consistent Mechanical Properties: Normalizing ensures a uniform distribution of mechanical properties throughout the fastener. Reduced Cost: As air cooling is used, normalizing is more cost-effective than quenching processes that require special cooling media. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Pre-Processing Step: Normalizing is often performed before further heat treatments, such as quenching and tempering, to ensure uniform properties. Fasteners with Complex Shapes: Bolts, screws, and studs with intricate designs benefit from reduced residual stresses and enhanced dimensional stability. Critical Components: Fasteners for high-stress applications, such as in aerospace, nuclear, and turbomachinery, rely on normalizing for consistent mechanical properties. Challenges in Normalizing: Oxidation and Scaling: Surface oxidation can occur during heating unless the process is performed in a controlled atmosphere. Limited Hardening: Normalizing does not produce the same level of hardness as quenching. Material-Specific Parameters: The process must be tailored to the specific material and component requirements for optimal results. Why Normalizing is Essential: Normalizing is a foundational heat treatment process that enhances the reliability and performance of engineered fasteners. By producing a refined and uniform microstructure, it prepares the fasteners for subsequent machining and heat treatment processes, ensuring they meet the demanding requirements of industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Heat Treatment Heat treatment is a critical manufacturing process used to enhance the mechanical properties of engineered fasteners and components, such as strength, hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. It involves controlled heating and cooling of the material to alter its microstructure. This process is especially important for fasteners used in demanding applications across industries like aerospace, oil & gas, and nuclear power. The Heat Treatment Process for Engineered Fasteners: 1. Material Selection: Fasteners are typically made from materials such as alloy steels, stainless steels, titanium, or nickel-based alloys, which respond well to heat treatment. 2. Heat Treatment Stages: Heating: The fastener is heated to a specific temperature based on the desired material properties. This is done in furnaces that provide a controlled environment (e.g., vacuum, inert gas, or air). Soaking: The fastener is held at the target temperature for a specific duration to allow the heat to penetrate uniformly and achieve the desired microstructural changes. Cooling: The part is cooled at a controlled rate. The cooling method (e.g., air cooling, quenching in oil/water, or furnace cooling) determines the final properties of the material. 3. Common Heat Treatment Techniques: Austenitizing: The fastener is heated to a high temperature to transform the steel’s structure to austenite, preparing it for subsequent quenching or tempering. Tempering: Reheating quenched steel to a moderate temperature reduces brittleness while maintaining hardness and improving toughness. Normalizing: Steel is heated above its critical temperature and air-cooled to refine the grain structure, improving uniformity and mechanical properties. Stress Relieving: The fastener is heated to a moderate temperature and cooled slowly to reduce internal stresses from machining, welding, or prior heat treatment. Key Properties Achieved Through Heat Treatment: Hardness: Essential for wear resistance and durability. Tensile and Yield Strength: Determines the load-carrying capacity of the fastener. Ductility: Prevents fasteners from becoming too brittle, ensuring they can deform slightly without failing. Toughness: Improves resistance to impact and shock loads. Corrosion Resistance: Particularly important for stainless steels and alloys used in aggressive environments. Advantages of Heat Treatment: Enhanced Mechanical Properties: Improved hardness, tensile strength, ductility, and impact resistance. Improved Fatigue and Wear Resistance: Essential for fasteners in high-stress or abrasive environments. Corrosion Resistance: Heat treatment can enhance resistance to oxidation and chemical degradation. Dimensional Stability: Relieves internal stresses, reducing the risk of warping during use. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Heat treatment is used to tailor the properties of fasteners for specific applications. Examples include: High-Strength Bolts and Screws: Fasteners requiring high tensile strength and fatigue resistance, such as those used in aerospace or automotive applications. Corrosion-Resistant Components: Stainless steel fasteners for marine, offshore, and nuclear environments are heat-treated to improve their corrosion resistance. Wear-Resistant Fasteners: Case-hardened fasteners are used in applications involving abrasion, such as industrial machinery. High-Temperature Components: Fasteners exposed to extreme heat, such as in turbines or engines, are heat-treated for thermal stability and creep resistance. Challenges and Considerations: Process Control: Precise temperature control and timing are critical to avoid overheating, decarburization, or material distortion. Material-Specific Techniques: The process must be tailored to the material to achieve the desired properties without compromising performance. Cost and Energy: Heat treatment can be energy-intensive and may add cost, but the performance improvements often justify the expense. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Dot Peen Marking Dot Peen Marking is a precise, high-speed method used to permanently mark metal components, making it highly suitable for engineered fasteners and critical components. Unlike traditional die stamping, Dot Peen marking creates indented or raised patterns by a controlled pin that strikes the surface, allowing for flexible, durable, and high-contrast markings directly on the part. The Dot Peen Marking Process: Dot Peen Marking uses a computer-controlled stylus to indent the metal surface with a series of dots, forming characters, logos, or traceability codes. Key steps include: 1. Material Preparation: Components such as bolts, screws, washers, or brackets (commonly steel, stainless steel, aluminum, or brass) are cleaned and positioned for marking. 2. Tooling Setup: The Dot Peen marking system is programmed with the desired text, symbols, or codes. The marking stylus is aligned to the exact location on the component. 3. Marking Operations: The stylus creates a series of dots on the metal surface, forming permanent marks. Marking types include: Part Numbers & Serial Codes: Ensures traceability and inventory tracking. Logos & Branding: Adds company or product identifiers directly on the fastener. Specifications: Marks material grade, size, or compliance information. 4. Final Processing: After marking, components may undergo secondary processes such as deburring, coating, or inspection to meet quality standards. Enhancements in Dot Peen Technology: CNC Integration: Automated positioning allows precise placement on small or irregular components. High-Speed Marking: Modern systems achieve faster cycle times for large production runs. Flexible Materials: Can mark a wide range of metals, including hardened or coated surfaces. Automation: Robotic handling systems improve consistency, reduce labor, and integrate with production lines. Advantages of Dot Peen Marking: Permanent Identification: Marks are durable and resistant to wear, corrosion, and heat. Precision & Clarity: High-resolution marking ensures legible, repeatable results. Versatility: Can mark flat, curved, or irregular surfaces without additional tooling. Cost Efficiency: Eliminates the need for custom dies for each mark, reducing setup costs. Traceability & Compliance: Supports industry standards for part identification and quality control. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Dot Peen Marking is widely used for marking critical components where traceability, compliance, and branding are essential. Applications include: Flat Fasteners: Washers, clips, and retaining rings marked with part numbers or logos. Threaded Fasteners: Bolts, screws, and studs marked before or after threading for identification. Custom Components: Brackets, flanges, or assemblies requiring specification or serial numbers. Traceability Marks: Batch numbers, heat codes, or certification information for quality assurance. Structural Components: Reinforcements and subassemblies marked for installation or inspection purposes. Limitations Surface Depth Restrictions: Extremely thin or soft materials may not retain deep marks. Speed vs. Complexity: Highly detailed marks may require slower marking speeds. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

testing capabilities Hardness Test A Hardness Test is a method of measuring a material’s resistance to deformation, indentation, or scratching. In manufacturing, hardness is closely tied to strength, wear resistance, and durability—critical properties for engineered fasteners and machined components. Various hardness scales (such as Rockwell, Brinell, or Vickers) are used depending on the material and application, providing precise data to ensure that parts meet design and performance requirements. How the Test is Performed Preparation – The fastener or component surface is cleaned to remove oils, coatings, or debris that could affect accuracy. Indenter Application – A controlled load is applied using a standardized indenter (such as a steel ball or diamond cone). Measurement – The depth or size of the indentation is measured, then compared against the appropriate hardness scale. Repeatability – Multiple tests can be performed on different areas of the component to confirm consistency. Documentation – Results are recorded to provide traceable data for quality assurance and compliance. Why It is Performed Hardness testing is performed to ensure that materials and finished fasteners possess the necessary strength and durability for demanding applications. A fastener that is too soft may deform or wear prematurely, while one that is too hard may become brittle and prone to cracking. By verifying hardness, TSP Manufacturing ensures that every part meets the performance balance required for safety and reliability. Confirms material strength and durability Verifies heat treatment and manufacturing processes Prevents premature wear, deformation, or failure in service Ensures consistency across production runs Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners often operate under extreme loads, vibration, and environmental stress. Their hardness level directly affects how they perform over time, especially in industries such as aerospace, oil & gas, defense, and nuclear power. By applying hardness testing, TSP Manufacturing ensures: Correct material properties for strength and toughness Verification of heat-treated fasteners to confirm proper hardness levels Prevention of failure modes related to excessive softness or brittleness Confidence in product performance for safety-critical applications Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing performs hardness testing in accordance with ASTM, ISO, and customer-specific standards , using properly calibrated equipment and certified procedures. Our inspectors are trained to ensure accuracy, consistency, and traceability across all test results. By adhering to these recognized standards, we reinforce customer confidence and demonstrate our commitment to delivering engineered fasteners and machined components that meet the highest quality expectations. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Turning Turning is a widely used machining process for producing engineered fasteners and components. It is a subtractive manufacturing process where a cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece to create cylindrical shapes or other specific geometries. The Turning Process: 1. Workpiece Setup: A cylindrical raw material (such as a rod or bar) is clamped onto a lathe or CNC turning machine. Common materials include alloy steels, stainless steels, titanium, aluminum, nickel alloys, and other high-performance metals. 2. Rotation: The workpiece is rotated at high speeds around its central axis. 3. Tool Engagement: A single-point cutting tool is positioned against the rotating workpiece to remove material. The cutting tool is fed along the axis of rotation (longitudinal turning) or radially (facing) to achieve the desired dimensions and shapes. 4. CNC Control (Optional): For precision, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) lathes are used to automate and control the turning process, enabling complex shapes and tight tolerances. 5. Post-Processing: After turning, components may undergo threading, drilling, deburring, heat treatment, or coating depending on requirements. Types of Turning: Straight Turning: Produces uniform cylindrical shapes. Taper Turning: Creates tapered surfaces by adjusting the tool angle. Thread Turning: Cuts external or internal threads onto a fastener. Grooving: Forms grooves or undercuts in the workpiece. Facing: Produces flat surfaces on the end of the workpiece. Profiling: Creates complex contours and profiles. Advantages of Turning: Precision: Achieves tight tolerances, essential for critical components. Versatility: Can produce cylindrical parts with various profiles, threads, and grooves. Surface Finish: Provides smooth finishes that may reduce the need for additional polishing. Material Compatibility: Works well with a wide range of metals, including hardened alloys. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Turning is ideal for manufacturing fasteners and components that require high precision and specific geometries. Applications include: Bolts and Screws: Used to form the threads and shafts of precision bolts, screws, and studs. Nuts: Internal threads are machined for custom nuts. Bushings and Sleeves: Cylindrical components with tight tolerances. Threaded Inserts: Used in aerospace, robotics, and other high-performance applications. Custom Fasteners: Specialty fasteners with unique profiles or geometries. Limitations Material Waste: Being a subtractive process, turning generates scrap material. Complexity: Intricate shapes may require additional operations or more advanced multi-axis CNC machines. Time-Intensive: For high-volume production, processes like cold or hot heading might be more efficient. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

testing capabilities X-Ray X-Ray Inspection is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to examine the internal structure of a component without altering or damaging it. By passing X-rays through a part and capturing the resulting image on film or a digital detector, hidden defects such as cracks, voids, inclusions, or porosity can be detected. For engineered fasteners, this ensures the structural integrity and reliability of components that must perform under high stress or critical conditions. How the Test is Performed Sample Preparation – The fastener or component is cleaned and positioned in the X-ray inspection system. Exposure – X-rays are directed through the part, penetrating the material and interacting differently with various densities and structures. Image Capture – The transmitted X-rays are recorded on film or a digital detector to produce a radiographic image. Analysis – Trained inspectors examine the image for internal flaws, such as cracks, voids, or inclusions. Documentation – Inspection results are recorded to provide traceable verification of part quality. Why It is Performed X-Ray Inspection is performed to ensure that engineered fasteners and machined components are free of internal defects that could compromise strength, safety, or performance. Detecting hidden flaws before parts are installed prevents failures in service and enhances overall reliability. Detects internal cracks, voids, or inclusions Verifies quality of material and manufacturing processes Prevents in-service failures in critical applications Provides non-destructive verification of component integrity Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners often operate under high-stress, high-temperature, or critical load conditions . X-Ray Inspection ensures that: Internal integrity is verified without damaging the fastener Material defects or inclusions are detected early in production Performance and reliability are maintained in safety-critical applications Compliance with customer specifications is documented before delivery Standards & Compliance TSP Manufacturing conducts X-Ray Inspection in accordance with ASTM, ISO, and customer-specific standards . Equipment is regularly calibrated, and inspections are performed by trained and certified personnel to ensure accurate, repeatable, and traceable results. Adherence to these recognized standards demonstrates TSP’s commitment to quality, reliability, and delivering engineered fasteners and machined components that meet the highest industry expectations. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Swiss Machining Swiss machining, also known as Swiss screw machining or Swiss turning, is a highly precise manufacturing process commonly used to produce small, intricate, and high-quality components, including engineered fasteners. The Swiss Machining Process: 1. Workpiece and Guide Bushing: The process begins with a cylindrical bar of raw material (e.g., stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, or nickel alloys) fed through a guide bushing. The guide bushing holds the workpiece securely close to the cutting tool, minimizing deflection and vibration. 2. Sliding Headstock: Unlike traditional lathes, a Swiss machine’s headstock moves longitudinally, allowing the material to slide through the guide bushing. 3. Multi-Axis Machining: Swiss machines often have multiple axes (up to 12 or more), enabling simultaneous machining operations. This capability allows turning, drilling, threading, and milling in a single setup. 4. Tool Engagement: Tools operate close to the guide bushing, which increases accuracy and reduces the risk of distortion, especially for slender or long parts. 5. Continuous Bar Feeding: Automatic bar feeders allow for high-volume production with minimal operator intervention. 6. Post-Machining Operations: Once machined, parts may undergo heat treatment, coating, or secondary processes like polishing or engraving. Key Features of Swiss Machining: High Precision: Tolerances can reach as tight as ±0.0001 inches, making it suitable for critical components. Complex Geometries: Capable of producing intricate parts with multiple features in a single operation. Small Diameter Parts: Ideal for manufacturing components with small diameters, often below 1.25 inches. Advantages of Swiss Machining: Exceptional Accuracy: Ensures consistent quality for components requiring extreme precision. Efficiency: Multiple operations in a single setup reduce production time. Material Versatility: Works with a wide range of metals, including hard-to-machine alloys. Repeatability: High-volume production with consistent tolerances. Minimized Material Waste: Optimized processes reduce scrap material. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Swiss machining is particularly valuable for producing high-performance fasteners and components, such as: Micro Screws and Bolts: Used in aerospace, robotics, and medical devices. Precision Nuts and Inserts: Manufactured with intricate threading and tolerances. Specialized Threaded Components: Used in turbomachinery and space applications. Custom Fasteners: Designed for specific applications requiring unique shapes, grooves, or threads. Thin and Slender Components: Ensures stability and precision for long, thin fasteners. Limitations Cost: Swiss machines and setups are more expensive than traditional lathes. Size Restrictions: Limited to parts with smaller diameters and lengths. Setup Time: Complex setups for multi-axis operations may increase initial production time. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Milling Milling is a versatile and widely used manufacturing process in the production of engineered fasteners and components. It involves the removal of material from a workpiece to create desired shapes, dimensions, or features using a rotating cutting tool. The Milling Process: 1. Workpiece Setup: The raw material (workpiece) is secured on a milling machine table or in a vice. Materials used include metals like alloy steels, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, and nickel alloys. 2. Tool Selection: A cutting tool, typically made of carbide, high-speed steel, or diamond-coated materials, is chosen based on the material and the desired operation. Tools may include end mills, face mills, or specialty cutters. 3. Cutting Operation: The cutting tool rotates at high speeds while the workpiece is moved along multiple axes (X, Y, and Z). The cutting process removes material in layers to achieve the desired geometry. 4. CNC Control (Optional): For precision manufacturing, CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling machines are used to automate and control the process, ensuring repeatability and high accuracy. 5. Finishing and Inspection: After milling, the component may undergo additional operations like deburring, polishing, or coating to meet exact specifications. Types of Milling: Face Milling: Creates flat surfaces and finishes on the face of the workpiece. Peripheral (Side) Milling: Used to machine deep slots or contours along the sides of the workpiece. 3-Axis, 4-Axis, or 5-Axis Milling: Multi-axis machines allow for complex geometries and tight tolerances, crucial for precision-engineered components. Advantages of Milling: Versatility: Capable of producing a wide range of shapes and sizes. Precision: Provides tight tolerances and excellent surface finishes, especially with CNC milling. Material Compatibility: Works well with a variety of metals used in high-performance industries. Efficiency: CNC milling enables rapid and repeatable production. Applications in Engineered Fasteners: Milling is often used in the manufacturing of specialized or custom fasteners, as well as precision components. Specific applications include: Custom Shapes: Non-standard fasteners requiring unique geometries, such as grooves, threads, or hexagonal heads. Complex Components: Features like slots, holes, or keyways can be machined into parts. Prototype and Low-Volume Runs: Ideal for prototyping or producing small quantities of precision fasteners for aerospace, robotics, and defense applications. Adapters or Housings: Milling is used to create components that interface with fasteners, such as flanges, brackets, or mounting plates. Limitations Material Waste: Milling is a subtractive process, so material wastage can be significant compared to forming processes like cold or hot heading. Cost: Milling can be more expensive for high-volume production compared to other methods like cold heading. Complexity: Extremely intricate geometries may require additional processes or more advanced equipment. Cold Heading Hot Heading EDM Milling Turning Swiss Machining Drilling Roll Threading Cut Threading Broaching Heat Treatment Austenitizing Tempering Normalizing Stress Relieving Grinding Polishing Dot Peen Marking Laser Marking MANUFACTURING Explore our manufacturing capabilities OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT

testing capabilities Axial Tensile Test An Axial Tensile Test measures the strength of a fastener or material when pulled along its longitudinal axis until failure. This test evaluates key mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation , which define how a material behaves under direct tension. For engineered fasteners, axial tensile testing is one of the most fundamental methods to ensure structural integrity and verify that components can withstand the loads expected in service. How the Test is Performed Specimen Preparation – A fastener or machined test piece is mounted in a tensile testing machine. Load Application – A controlled axial force is applied by pulling the specimen along its longitudinal axis. Monitoring Deformation – The machine records elongation, reduction in area, and applied load throughout the test. Failure Observation – The test continues until the fastener or specimen fractures, at which point the maximum load is recorded. Data Collection – Results are converted into stress-strain curves, providing detailed mechanical property data. Why It is Performed Axial tensile testing is performed to confirm that fasteners and components meet design load requirements and safety margins . This test verifies material performance, manufacturing consistency, and ensures that parts can reliably handle the stresses encountered in service. Determines ultimate tensile strength and yield strength Verifies ductility and elongation Confirms material processing and heat treatment effectiveness Prevents premature failure in critical applications Application to Engineered Fasteners Engineered fasteners are often subjected to direct tensile loads in bolted joints, structural connections, and machinery assemblies. Axial tensile testing ensures that these fasteners: Meet required tensile strength levels for high-stress environments Perform reliably in mission-critical applications such as aerospace, oil & gas, nuclear, and defense Withstand combined stresses when used with other loading conditions (shear, torsion, vibration) Provide assurance of joint integrity in safety-critical systems Standards & Compliance At TSP Manufacturing, axial tensile testing is performed in accordance with ASTM, ISO, and customer-specific standards to ensure precision and reliability. Our testing equipment is calibrated to industry requirements, and all testing is conducted by qualified personnel. By adhering to these rigorous standards, we demonstrate our commitment to delivering fasteners and machined components that consistently meet or exceed the mechanical property requirements of the industries we serve. DOING WHATEVER IT TAKES Need product help or engineering support? Contact our team of fastener experts today CONTACT OUR PRODUCTS Explore our products Specialty Engineered Fasteners Learn more about our Engineered Fasteners, precision-crafted for specialized and critical applications in diverse industries. Machined Parts Learn more about our custom-designed Machined Components expertly crafted for applications across a range of industries. Precision Shear Products Explore our shear product manufacturing and quality capabilities, delivering precision solutions for the most demanding applications.